Three years of Israel-Hamas conflict: October 7 to Gaza ceasefire

The conflict began on October 7, 2023, when Hamas launched a major attack on Israel, resulting in significant casualties and the capture of 251 hostages. The assault prompted an immediate Israeli military response that led to a sustained military campaign in Gaza, triggering one of the most devastating humanitarian crises in the region in recent years.

The conflict quickly evolved beyond Gaza's borders, with regional powers becoming increasingly involved. Iran and its allied groups launched direct attacks on Israel, while Israeli forces conducted strikes in neighboring countries, raising international alarm about the potential for broader regional conflict. Multiple ceasefire negotiations took place throughout the period, with international mediators from Qatar, Egypt and the United States playing crucial diplomatic roles.

The humanitarian toll mounted steadily, with reports of widespread civilian casualties, displacement of the population and severe shortages of food, water and medical supplies. International organizations and governments called repeatedly for humanitarian access and adherence to international law, though fighting continued for extended periods.

After months of negotiations, a ceasefire agreement has now been reached, marking a potential turning point in the conflict. The agreement addresses the release of remaining hostages, humanitarian aid distribution and preliminary discussions on Gaza's reconstruction and governance. However, the road to lasting peace remains uncertain, with questions remaining about long-term security arrangements and the political future of Gaza.